GALILEI Galileo (1564 1642)
can be considered one of the greatest scientists of modern history and author of the scientific method.
His first important discovery was observing the oscillation of a lamp, discovers the law of the pendulum for small oscillations dell'isocronismo: pendulums of equal length make equal time regardless of fluctuations in their amplitude.
The big news is that Galileo introduced precisely to address the telescope (perhaps not invented by him, but it certainly changed and improved) to the sky and begin the first systematic observations of no more than the naked eye. Initially
advocate of the theory Aristotle - Ptolemy, became convinced of the Copernican theory thanks to these sensational discoveries
- spots on the moon are shadows cast by the mountains (which calculates the height);
- the four 'moons' of Jupiter, that shows that not only the earth can be the center of circular motion;
- The Milky Way is made up of countless stars
- the ring of Saturn
- the phases of Venus that show that this planet "could" turn around Sun;
- the planets are naturally dark because they receive light from the Sun;
- sunspots.
His most important and best known is the "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Ptolemaic and Copernican ". Besides being a great work of popular science, laid the foundations of the new physics through the destruction of the old Aristotelian system. It is set as a dialogue, in fact, among three parties: Salviati is the teacher who acts as the bearer of the new, Sagredo is cultured and free-thinker able to change the view, is a dogmatic Aristotelian Simplicio.
course Galileo knows that, from Earth, he could not show that it is spinning around the sun He bypasses the difficulty of moving along two trails: one part the "principle of inertia" and the other the "principle of relativity".
And from here begins to rise to the need for new physics at the expense of the Copernican Aristotle.
Just in defense of the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic tradition, Galileo was condemned by the church inquisitor of the time and is forced to recant, that the public renunciation and repudiation of his ideas. This painful episode would have created the legend of Galileo, who once stood up after the recantation, hit the ground and murmured: "And yet it moves!"
Towards the end of his life, when she was completely blind, published another of his important wrote: "Discourses and mathematical demonstrations concerning two new sciences"; it is the laws of motion and structure of matter.
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